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Toby
Nimbostratus
Boa noite,
Você dá crédito à voz de um grupo cuja especulação é a parte principal de sua renda (especulação = manipular informações, lançar pseudo-informação para aumentar uma ação comprada a um preço baixo para vendê-la a x2)
Veja no que a Bloomberg investe através dos seus fundos de investimento!
A fusão nuclear será explorável (se tudo correr bem em 2050/2060) O que estamos a fazer entretanto?
A fusão nuclear utiliza dois isótopos de hidrogénio (deutério e trítio)
deutério não é radioactivo e os seus recursos são virtualmente inesgotáveis. Encontra-se em água doce, mas também em água do mar, pelo que é possível extrair 33 gramas de de deutério em cada metro cúbico de água do mar através de uma separação isotópica bem controlada conhecida como Processo Girdler.
O trítio é radioactivo, mas a sua meia-vida é de apenas 12 anos. Embora o trítio seja muito raro no seu estado natural, pode ser produzido por irradiação de lítio!
um reactor de fusão nuclear não está isento de perigo, os riscos sísmicos são frequentemente salientados pelos críticos do projecto. Os outros argumentos frequentemente mencionados dizem respeito ao factor desconhecido que prevalece com o projecto Iter, que, recorde-se, visa "provar a viabilidade científica e técnica da fusão nuclear como nova fonte de energia". Assim, os opositores do projeto questionam a possível instabilidade do tokamak, que poderia resultar da grande dificuldade em manter um plasma em temperaturas muito altas. Na sua opinião, o fenómeno de "ruptura" poderia causar danos significativos à instalação e, em especial, às suas paredes que contêm berílio, um metal tóxico com um ponto de fusão de apenas 1 280 °C.
Os projectos de fusão nuclear baseiam-se na câmara de Tokamak (origem russa de 1958), que ninguém pode atestar hoje em dia, excepto pelo seu papel de laboratório.
PS: Eu sei, eu escrevo português muito mal.
sabes que fusão nuclear é diferente de fissão na fusão os átomos de isótopos de hidrogénio são combinados para formar hélio como no sol, no sol a fusão dá-se até se atingir o ferro neste momento kaput e a estrela morreÉ claro, multipliquemos Fukushima por meia dúzia e veremos o que acontece...
na fusão não há lixo radioactivo
Toby
Nimbostratus
Euuuh.... : Não há resíduos radioactivos de longa duração.... mas são precisos 100 anos para os reciclar!
Note-se que a central de fusão nuclear NO está em funcionamento até à data, razão pela qual todas as informações devem ser tomadas com grande prudência.
No caso faz mas podia não fazer muita diferença para os locais. E a redução na acumulação/adveção de frio pode ser dramática para as regiões circundantes.
MSantos
Moderação
É claro, multipliquemos Fukushima por meia dúzia e veremos o que acontece...
Fusão nuclear nada tem a ver com as centrais nucleares convencionais. Na fusão nuclear em teoria não há emissões nem resíduos tóxicos. No entanto é uma tecnologia que ainda não está dominada e ainda não pode ser utilizada. Talvez daqui a umas décadas...
Younger Dryas
Nimbostratus
Carbon emissions from volcanic rocks can create global warming
https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2019/12/volcanic-rocks-create-global-warming.aspx
Damaging rains from hurricanes can be more intense after winds begin to subside, say UC Santa Barbara scientists
https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2019/019709/wind-and-water#
New biomass map to take stock of the world’s carbon
http://www.esa.int/Applications/Obs...omass_map_to_take_stock_of_the_world_s_carbon
Early Holocene temperature oscillations exceed amplitude of observed and projected warming in Svalbard lakes
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL084384
Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering Could Alter the High‐Latitude Seasonal Cycle
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL085758
Intense Geomagnetic Storm during Maunder Minimum Possibly by a Quiescent Filament Eruption
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab107e
https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2019/12/volcanic-rocks-create-global-warming.aspx
Damaging rains from hurricanes can be more intense after winds begin to subside, say UC Santa Barbara scientists
https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2019/019709/wind-and-water#
New biomass map to take stock of the world’s carbon
http://www.esa.int/Applications/Obs...omass_map_to_take_stock_of_the_world_s_carbon
Early Holocene temperature oscillations exceed amplitude of observed and projected warming in Svalbard lakes
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL084384
Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering Could Alter the High‐Latitude Seasonal Cycle
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL085758
Intense Geomagnetic Storm during Maunder Minimum Possibly by a Quiescent Filament Eruption
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab107e
Última edição:
luismeteo3
Furacão
How a closed-door meeting shows farmers are waking up on climate change
Perdue, Vilsack and leading agricultural groups gathered in a Maryland barn to talk about the farm-country issue that dare not speak its name.
he meeting last June in a wood-beamed barn in Newburg, Md., an hour due south of Washington, had all the makings of a secret conclave. The guest list was confidential. No press accounts were allowed. The topic was how to pivot American agriculture to help combat climate change — an issue so politically toxic that the current administration routinely shies away from promoting crucial government research on the issue.
But this meeting represented a change. It was hosted by the U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance, a group made up of the heavyweights in American agriculture. It brought together three secretaries of agriculture, including the current one, Sonny Perdue, among an A-list of about 100 leaders that included the president of the American Farm Bureau Federation — a longtime, powerful foe of federal action on climate — and CEOs of major food companies, green groups and anti-hunger advocates.
Even a year ago, such a meeting would have been improbable, if not impossible. But the long-held resistance to talking about climate change among largely conservative farmers and ranchers and the lobbying behemoths that represent them is starting to shift. The veil of secrecy attested to just how sensitive the topic remains, but over the course of the two-day gathering, the group coalesced around big ideas like the need to pay farmers to use their land to draw down carbon from the atmosphere, participants told POLITICO.
“It was a pretty serious meeting,” said Rep. Chellie Pingree, a Maine Democrat who serves on the House Agriculture Committee, and attended the gathering. “It was led by commodity groups and farm groups that didn’t waste a minute debating whether there’s a problem.”
The June conclave isn’t the only sign that the agriculture industry is waking up on climate change after a truly terrible year in the farm belt, replete with historic levels of rain and disastrous flooding — a body blow that came right in the middle of a trade war.
In Nebraska, farmers are exploring ways to reorient their farms to focus on rebuilding soil and sequestering carbon — a buzzy concept known as regenerative agriculture. In Florida, where rising sea levels are not a hypothetical discussion, farmers and ranchers have recently launched a working group to discuss climate change and how agriculture can help. Similar groups have cropped up in North Carolina, Ohio and Missouri and more states are expected to follow. In Iowa, faith leaders have been engaging farmers on the topic, hosting discussion groups in churches and building a network of farmers who are comfortable speaking publicly about climate change, whether it’s telling their story to reporters or 2020 Democratic candidates.
At the center of this shifting conversation are farmers themselves, such as Ray Gaesser, a political conservative who served on President Donald Trump’s agricultural advisory committee in the run-up to the 2016 election. Gaesser farms some 6,000 acres of corn and soybeans outside of Corning, Iowa, in the southwest corner of the state, and he’s become a vocal advocate for changing farm practices to not only improve soil health but also to sequester carbon.
...
https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/09/farmers-climate-change-074024
Perdue, Vilsack and leading agricultural groups gathered in a Maryland barn to talk about the farm-country issue that dare not speak its name.
he meeting last June in a wood-beamed barn in Newburg, Md., an hour due south of Washington, had all the makings of a secret conclave. The guest list was confidential. No press accounts were allowed. The topic was how to pivot American agriculture to help combat climate change — an issue so politically toxic that the current administration routinely shies away from promoting crucial government research on the issue.
But this meeting represented a change. It was hosted by the U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance, a group made up of the heavyweights in American agriculture. It brought together three secretaries of agriculture, including the current one, Sonny Perdue, among an A-list of about 100 leaders that included the president of the American Farm Bureau Federation — a longtime, powerful foe of federal action on climate — and CEOs of major food companies, green groups and anti-hunger advocates.
Even a year ago, such a meeting would have been improbable, if not impossible. But the long-held resistance to talking about climate change among largely conservative farmers and ranchers and the lobbying behemoths that represent them is starting to shift. The veil of secrecy attested to just how sensitive the topic remains, but over the course of the two-day gathering, the group coalesced around big ideas like the need to pay farmers to use their land to draw down carbon from the atmosphere, participants told POLITICO.
“It was a pretty serious meeting,” said Rep. Chellie Pingree, a Maine Democrat who serves on the House Agriculture Committee, and attended the gathering. “It was led by commodity groups and farm groups that didn’t waste a minute debating whether there’s a problem.”
The June conclave isn’t the only sign that the agriculture industry is waking up on climate change after a truly terrible year in the farm belt, replete with historic levels of rain and disastrous flooding — a body blow that came right in the middle of a trade war.
In Nebraska, farmers are exploring ways to reorient their farms to focus on rebuilding soil and sequestering carbon — a buzzy concept known as regenerative agriculture. In Florida, where rising sea levels are not a hypothetical discussion, farmers and ranchers have recently launched a working group to discuss climate change and how agriculture can help. Similar groups have cropped up in North Carolina, Ohio and Missouri and more states are expected to follow. In Iowa, faith leaders have been engaging farmers on the topic, hosting discussion groups in churches and building a network of farmers who are comfortable speaking publicly about climate change, whether it’s telling their story to reporters or 2020 Democratic candidates.
At the center of this shifting conversation are farmers themselves, such as Ray Gaesser, a political conservative who served on President Donald Trump’s agricultural advisory committee in the run-up to the 2016 election. Gaesser farms some 6,000 acres of corn and soybeans outside of Corning, Iowa, in the southwest corner of the state, and he’s become a vocal advocate for changing farm practices to not only improve soil health but also to sequester carbon.
...
https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/09/farmers-climate-change-074024
luismeteo3
Furacão
Newly Identified Jet-Stream Pattern Could Imperil Global Food Supplies
New study finds a 20-fold increase in the risk of simultaneous heat waves in major crop-producing regions when a newly-identified extreme jet stream pattern is in place
During the summer of 2018, the future of climate change became the present. Highly amplified jet stream patterns remained stuck in place for unusually long periods of time, bringing the planet an onslaught of remarkable weather catastrophes—for example, unprecedented heat waves and drought in East Asia and Northern Europe, the start of the deadliest and most expensive fire season on record in California, and Japan’s deadliest floods since 1982.
The extreme summer weather helped bring the 2018 tally of billion-dollar weather-related disasters to 39--the fourth highest such total for any year since 1990, according to insurance broker Aon Benfield. Among these were seven billion-dollar droughts--the highest number of billion-dollar droughts on record (previous record: six in 1999 and 2015). Total damages from drought in 2018 were near $33 billion—tied for the fifth-highest level of global drought damage since 1975.
Unfortunately, extreme jet stream patterns like those of 2018 may be getting more common and more extreme, representing a significant danger to global food security. An April 26 paper, Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern, by climate scientist Kai Kornhuber of Columbia University and co-authors, found that the 2018 extremes were associated with a particular mode of “stuck in place” jet stream behavior—one that has increased in frequency and persistence in recent decades.
...
https://blogs.scientificamerican.co...m-pattern-could-imperil-global-food-supplies/
New study finds a 20-fold increase in the risk of simultaneous heat waves in major crop-producing regions when a newly-identified extreme jet stream pattern is in place
- By Jeff Masters on December 9, 2019
During the summer of 2018, the future of climate change became the present. Highly amplified jet stream patterns remained stuck in place for unusually long periods of time, bringing the planet an onslaught of remarkable weather catastrophes—for example, unprecedented heat waves and drought in East Asia and Northern Europe, the start of the deadliest and most expensive fire season on record in California, and Japan’s deadliest floods since 1982.
The extreme summer weather helped bring the 2018 tally of billion-dollar weather-related disasters to 39--the fourth highest such total for any year since 1990, according to insurance broker Aon Benfield. Among these were seven billion-dollar droughts--the highest number of billion-dollar droughts on record (previous record: six in 1999 and 2015). Total damages from drought in 2018 were near $33 billion—tied for the fifth-highest level of global drought damage since 1975.
Unfortunately, extreme jet stream patterns like those of 2018 may be getting more common and more extreme, representing a significant danger to global food security. An April 26 paper, Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern, by climate scientist Kai Kornhuber of Columbia University and co-authors, found that the 2018 extremes were associated with a particular mode of “stuck in place” jet stream behavior—one that has increased in frequency and persistence in recent decades.
...
https://blogs.scientificamerican.co...m-pattern-could-imperil-global-food-supplies/
Toby
Nimbostratus
Sim, conheço +/-12 anos de radioactividade, mas entre 1996 (data do fim dos ensaios nucleares) e 2019, ou seja, 23 anos, os oceanos ainda têm níveis excessivos de trítio.
Os cientistas falam de um efeito de memória do trítio.
Minhas pobres bases químicas me dizem que modificar os elementos-chave da vida na terra: H2O e O2 significa modificar todas as variantes compostas de H e/ou O.
Sim, é infinitamente pequeno, mas dissemos a mesma coisa sobre o excesso de NOX, CO2, SO2,... não importa quão diluído esteja. Todos sabemos o resultado.
Com plásticos, metais pesados, hidrocarbonetos.... pedimos muito do azul grande para nos alimentar.
Toby
Nimbostratus
As usinas nucleares "convencionais" (como você diz) já produzem e liberam trítio nos rios!
Hoje, toda a terra está em concentrações de trítio na água bem acima do padrão "natural".
O trítio é provavelmente o material radioativo mais difícil de conter.
ok toby não querendo parecer mal, mas parece me que não compreende a fica envolvida, os elementos químicos não possuem memoria alguma, as centrais nucleares não emitem radiação pela agua de refrigeração pois esta é separada do restante circuito a única poluição é térmica pois a água sai quente. o tritio e o deuterio não são produzidos, são concentrados na forma da famosa água pesada e é tão dificil de conter como o hidrogénio normal
Toby
Nimbostratus
Bom dia,
Não quero discutir, lutar (conflit en français
), é muito provável que o meu nível de português não seja adequado para ti.Todas as agências nucleares estudam há anos as libertações gasosas e líquidas de trítio.
É interessante notar a mudança no discurso sobre o trítio (início da indústria nuclear e agora), além disso, este discurso e argumento muda de acordo com a política nuclear do país.
Desculpa, está em francês:
https://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/fra/resources/health/tritium/tritium_studies.cfm
https://www.asn.fr/sites/tritium/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf
https://www.irsn.fr/FR/Larecherche/...Pages/tritium-environnement.aspx#.Xe8WjPzjJuQ
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01124330/document
https://www.irsn.fr/fr/documents/ra2010/irsn_dsu-217_tritium-sources-production.pdf
https://www.irsn.fr/FR/expertise/ra...ort-Tritium-2017_PRP-ENV-SERIS-2017-00004.pdf
http://www.laradioactivite.com/site/pages/RejetsEffluents.htm
https://www.iaea.org/publications/1...r-accidental-releases-from-nuclear-facilities
ao menos lês, logo o primeiro site diz isto , "Les concentrations de tritium lié à des composés organiques (TLCO) et les concentrations d’eau tritiée (HTO) dans le sol et la végétation près des installations nucléaires ne posent aucun risque pour la santé, et les doses pour le public sont extrêmement faibles et bien en deçà des limites réglementaires." vai la e lê o topico "Le devenir environnemental du tritium dans le sol et la végétation"
e so falas do tritio deves desconhecer o deutério, são isótopos como o carbono 14 e outros nenhuma central nuclear consegue produzir tritio isso seria uma mina de ouro
e so falas do tritio deves desconhecer o deutério, são isótopos como o carbono 14 e outros nenhuma central nuclear consegue produzir tritio isso seria uma mina de ouro