Monitorização Criosfera - 2010

Mário Barros

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18 Nov 2006
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The Arctic Ocean is capped by a dynamic layer of sea ice that grows each winter and shrinks each summer, reaching its yearly minimum extent each fall. NASA's Aqua satellite used microwaves to capture this snapshot of Arctic sea ice on September 3, 2010. The yearly minimum had not yet been reached, but past history says the low point should occur sometime in mid-September.

Everything on Earth’s surface – including humans – emits microwave radiation, though the properties vary with the emitter. The AMSR-E microwave sensor on Aqua relies on those emissions to map the planet. Ice emits more microwave radiation than water, so ice-covered waters appear much brighter than the open ocean to the AMSR-E sensor (see top image). This difference allows the satellite to capture a year-round sea ice record, despite cloud cover and months of polar night.

"The data from AMSR-E and other NASA satellites are critical for understanding the coupling between sea ice and the ocean and atmosphere," said Tom Wagner, manager of NASA's cryosphere program. "It’s important for us to understand these connections to improve our models of how the planet will change."

This year, AMSR-E and other sensors have seen an Arctic Ocean with significantly depleted summer ice, a trend that has been ongoing for at least a decade. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, the ice extent for August 2010 was the second lowest in the satellite record for the month (the lowest was 2007). On September 3, ice extent dropped below the seasonal minimum for 2009, becoming the third lowest season in the satellite record.

The Northwest Passage – shown in the lower half of the AMSR-E image and in the bottom MODIS image -- is largely free of ice, allowing the potential for a circumnavigation of the Arctic Ocean. Scientific, natural resources, and shipping interests have been studying the region intently with the expectation that the fabled northern sea may soon become a viable, regular route for sea-going vessels.

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=45766

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AnDré

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Odivelas (140m) / Várzea da Serra (930m)
Depois do último post do Mário, a área da superfície de gelo do Árctico ainda diminuiu um pouco, aproximando-se dos níveis de 2008.
Neste momento encontra-se já a recuperar terreno.
Apesar disso, este ano parece ter sido o 3º ano com a menor área de superfície de gelo, muito perto dos mínimos de 2008 (2ºano com a menor área), mas ainda relativamente longe dos níveis de 2007 (ano em que se deu o maior degelo do Árctico).

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Situação actual (Continua a ser circum-navegável)
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Quanto ao Antárctico, tem estado com uma situação um pouco atípica este ano. Atingiu a superfície máxima de superfície de gelo no inicio de Agosto (com uma anomalia positiva bastante acentuada), mas desde então tem estado a decrescer, encontrando-se a anomalia de área de gelo também em valores negativos (quando comparado com o período 1979-2008).

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Ao nível global, até inicio de Agosto, a situação encontrava-se praticamente sem anomalia. Aquilo que o Árctico tinha a menos, tinha o Antárctico a mais.
Mas agora, com ambas as regiões com anomalias negativas, a anomalia de gelo global é acentuada.

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MSantos

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Aveiras de Cima
A área de gelo no Árctico está a a recuperar bem, esperemos que a recuperação se mantenha;)
 

AnDré

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22 Nov 2007
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Odivelas (140m) / Várzea da Serra (930m)
Ao longo do mês de Dezembro, a anomalia da área da superfície de gelo no árctico tem-se vindo a acentuar, uma vez que a área tem crescido de forma mais lenta do que é habitual.

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A maior anomalia localiza-se na Baía de Hudson, que por esta altura já deveria estar completamente congelada.

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Também na costa leste do Canadá, a anomalia negativa é acentuada.

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Pelo menos durante os próximos 7 dias, a anomalia da temperatura nessas regiões deverá manter-se positiva.

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AnDré

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A área de superfície de gelo no Árctico no mês de Dezembro de 2010, foi a mais baixa para o mês, desde que se começaram a fazer medições por satélite em 1978.

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Arctic sea ice extent for December 2010 was the lowest in the satellite record for that month. These low ice conditions are linked to a strong negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation, similar to the situation that dominated the winter of 2009-2010.

Overview of conditions

Arctic sea ice extent averaged over December 2010 was 12.00 million square kilometers (4.63 million square miles). This is the lowest December ice extent recorded in satellite observations from 1979 to 2010, 270,000 square kilometers (104,000 square miles) below the previous record low of 12.27 million square kilometers (4.74 million square miles) set in 2006 and 1.35 million square kilometers (521,000 square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average.

As in November, ice extent in December 2010 was unusually low in both the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Arctic, but particularly in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait (between southern Baffin Island and Labrador), and in Davis Strait (between Baffin Island and Greenland). Normally, these areas are completely frozen over by late November. In the middle of December, ice extent stopped increasing for about a week, an unusual but not unique event.

Conditions in context

The low ice conditions in December occurred in conjunction with above-average air temperatures in regions where ice would normally expand at this time of year. Air temperatures over eastern Siberia were 6 to 10 degrees Celsius (11 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal in December. Over the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Baffin Bay/Davis Strait and Hudson Bay, temperatures were at least 6 degrees Celsius (11 degrees Fahrenheit) higher than average. Southern Baffin Island had the largest anomalies, with temperatures over 10 degrees Celsius (18 degrees Fahrenheit) higher than normal. By sharp contrast, temperatures were lower than average (4 to 7 degrees Celsius, 7 to 13 degrees Fahrenheit) over the Alaska-Yukon border, north-central Eurasia, and Scandinavia.

The warm temperatures in December came from two sources: unfrozen areas of the ocean continued to release heat to the atmosphere, and an unusual circulation pattern brought warm air into the Arctic from the south. Although the air temperatures were still below freezing on average, the additional ocean and atmospheric heat slowed ice growth.

National Snow and Ice Data Center
 

stormy

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7 Ago 2008
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Lisboa
Como já referi nos topicos de previsão sazonal, todo o periodo dos ultimos 1 a 2 anos foi de intensas trocas energeticas entre o Polo e os Trópicos...tal facto levou á diminuição do re-freezing outonal.

As previsões apontam para um grdual arrefecimento no Artico este ano, á medida que se dá uma estabilização nas teleconexões,...com o Verão a ser fresco, e a causar menos degelo que nos ultimos anos:)