Rainy temperate climate with warm to hot summers, (Cfa):
It's a climate that doesn't cover much territory within the Iberian peninsula. It appears in Girona prelitoral and has somewhat continental influece that makes it prone to significant daily and interannual temperature fluctuations.
It can be also found in most coastal areas and medium-sized mountain areas of the Azores Islands. So, in this case it would be a humid subtropical climate with exceptional frost and a long, warm to hot summers.
In both cases the annual pattern of both temperatures and precipitation match all the typical features of Mediterranean climate, except that the rainless summer month always measure more than 30 mm.
Examples: Girona (14.7º C, 728 mm), Horta (17,3º C, 985 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: San Benedetto del Tronto (Italian eastern coast, 15.0º C, 757 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Istanbul (Turkey; 14,3º C, 843 mm).
Rainy temperate oceanic climate with mild to warm summers, (Cfb):
This climate can be found along coastal areas of the northern coast from southern Pontevedra to northern Aquitaine coast in southwestern France. The coastal strip where this climate appears is smaller than 20 kilometres width, except for the southwestern French coast because there are not mountains running parallel the coastline. The rainfall pattern has a minimum peak during summer, although the farther west you go in Spain, the more rainless the summer gets. However, eastern Basque Country coast, although still has a minimum peak during summer, is quite rainy too, getting rainless again once you move north across southwestern French coast. Within Cfb climates, the driest summer month, which is usually July, is always higher than 30 mm. Both winter and summer tend to have small temperature fluctuations, so the average annual temperature variation is about 12º C. Both frost and heat waves are rare, although southerly winds sometimes bring 40º C, or even more.
Examples: A Coruña (14,8º C, 1014 mm), Santander (14.5º C, 1129 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: This climate can't be found in others parts of Europe, except Bordeaux and La Rochelle area in western France as the northernmost boundary of this climate.
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Gisborne (North Island of New Zealand; 14.5º C, 1050 mm).
Warm temperate climate with warm to hot dry summers; just the most typical mediterranean climate from the northwesternmost part of the Mediterranean basin, (Csa):
Now we are talking about one of the most prominent climates of the Iberian peninsula, as it covers the southern half of Portugal (except the western coastal strip), some inland areas of the southern plateau, including most of Extremadura and the western part of Castilla-La Mancha, the whole Guadalquivir valley, some areas of the Ebro valley below 400 metres above sea level and most of Mediterranean coast as well, except for the semiarid strip of the southeastern coast. Winters use to be mild, except the Ebro Valley and the higher areas of the southern plateau where frost tend to be common. Summer is always warm, sometimes hot, and the driest summer month means less than 30 mm. About the rainfall pattern, there is a clear summer minimum peak, but the maximum rainfall peaks occurs is not the same throughout the whole area. So, the Atlantic subtype from southern Portugal to Málaga has a maximum rainfall peak in early winter; the Mediterranean coast from Granada to the French coast and most of southern plateau has a maximum in mid to late autumn, and the Ebro valley experiences its rainiest peak in spring.
This climate can also be founf in Balearic islands and some areas of northern islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Palma in the Canary Islands, although, unlike in the peninsula, here the subtropical dry influence is strong, and also the cold waves are unheard of.
Examples: Madrid (14.5º C, 371 mm), Barcelona (16,1º C, 588 mm), Seville (19.2º C, 539 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: Athens (Greece southern coast; 19,1º C, 419 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Adelaide (southern Australian coast; 17,1º C, 543 mm).
Warm temperate climate with dry and mild summers; just mediterranean climate with strong oceanic influence, (Csb):
It's the Mediterranean climate that is strongly influenced by the cool waters of the Atlantic ocean. It has small fluctuation with mild winters and warm summers. Both frost and heat waves are weak. We can find this climate from southern Pontevedra coast in northwestern Spain all the way down south to Cape Vicent. The rainfall pattern is typical Mediterranean one with a summer minimum peak and a winter maximum peak, being both very pronounced. This whole area is one of the peninsular areas with lower amount of thunderstorms within the Iberian peninsula, and they are even less likely during summer months. The islands of Madeira also fit this type of climate.
Examples: Coimbra (15.5º C, 905 mm), Viseu (13,6º C, 1170 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: This climate can't be found in other parts of Europe.
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Santa Rosa (northern prelitoral of California, USA; 15,1º C, 817 mm).
Warm temperate climate with warm to hot dry summers; just mediterranean climate with strong continental influence, (Dsa):
It is the climate of the higher areas of the southern plateau, also some areas of the Ebro Valley that are located above 400 metres above sea level, the mountains areas of Catalan Pre-Coastal Range, and with much lesser extent, some mountainous areas of southwest peninsular quadrant. Winter uses to be cold and summers are long and hot. The fluctuation is strong in some places within this climate, even reaching 19 or 20 degrees Celsius. Frosts are common in winter and heat waves are also usually likely every summer. The rainfall pattern is different in each area within this climate; so, in La Mancha southern plateau usually there is a early winter maximum, while most areas in the Ebro Valley have tow almost equal rainiest peaks both in autumn and spring, even some areas through the Ebro valley can receive less precipitation during winter months, and a few more during summer months, but still such two rainy equinoctial peaks still happen.
Examples: Albacete (14,3º C, 353 mm), Cuenca (13,1º C, 501 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: Manosque (mountainous prelitoral of southeastern France, 12.8º C, 423 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Medford (inland valleys of southern Oregon in the western United States; 13,1º C, 465 mm).
Dry temperate climate with mild to warm summers, just a sub-mediterranean climate with strong continental influence, (Dsb):
This climate appears in the northern plateau and most of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range. Excluding the highest mountains, this climate experiences the coldest winters within the Iberian peninsula so far. Thus, the Sistema Ibérico mountain range is often prone to heavy fluctuations, both daily and monthly, whereas the northern plateau is sligthly less prone to it. Most climate charts of many from cities of the northern plateau are very similar to northern French and France western Germans ones, except there is a rainless peak in the summer months. Everyone should agree how these areas do not have a pure Mediterranean climate but fall in the spectrum of temperate climates type D. In fact, the easternmost parts within this climate have such a great number of summer thunderstorms.
Examples: Molina de Aragón (10.5º C, 468 mm), Burgos (10,7º C, 546 mm), Leon (11,1º C, 507 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: Korce (mountainous inland of southern Albania; 11,0º C, 719 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Merzifon (mountainous interior of northern Turkey; 11.5 ° C, 418 mm).
Rainy temperate climate with warm to hot summers because of both sub-Mediterranean and continental influences, (Doa):
It's one of the less common climates of the Iberian peninsula, although is still pretty common in many areas of inland southwestern France. This climate mainly appears falnking the eastern Pyrenees foothills. Winters tend to be cold whereas summers tend to be warm to hot cold winters and hot summers, therefore the whole area experiences signficant variation in temperature, both daily and monthly. ALthough is one of the most thundery places of the Iberian peninsula every summer, still summers are hot enough to give the landscape just a mediterranean feeling. This climate fit very well the boundary between mediterranean and oceanic climates either in southeastern Pyrenees and most of inland southwestern France .About the rainfall pattern throughout the year, it has two almost equal maximum peaks, (both in autumn and spring), with a slight summer minimum, but still a few places within this climate experience winter minimum as well, which is pretty uncommon both in the Iberian peninsula and southwestern France.
Examples: Graus (12º C, 671 mm), Tremp (13,3º C, 645 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: Turin (Alpine foothills in the northern third of Italy; 12,0º C, 981 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Krasnodar (prelitoral plains near the Black Sea in Russian Caucasus, 12.1º C, 735 mm).
Rainy temperate oceanic climate with mild summers, (Dob):
Now we are talking about the typical oceanic climate that can be found in most of Europe with frequent frosts every winter, with mild summer and enough rainfall throughout the year, although there is still a clear minimum rainy peak in summer both in the Iberian peninsula and southwestern France. As an explanatory note,if you go anywhere north of Loira valley, the summer minimum peak is replaced by either late winter or early spring minimum peak. This climate can be found along the Cantabrian coast except for the coastal area which belong to temperate climates warm, (Cfb).
Examples: Vitoria (11,7º C, 742 mm), Lugo (12º C, 1052 mm), Pamplona (12,9º C, 674 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: Lille (plains of northernmost France, reaches 10,8º C, 742 mm).
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Aberdeen (prelitoral of Washington state in northwest USA, 10.2º C, 2113 mm).
Hot semiarid steppe climate, (BSh):
It is located in the southeast Spanishcoast from western Almeria coast to the city of Alicante, also in the southern midlands of the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Gomera and La Palma. So, the southeast coastal trip is still a coastal Mediterranean climate with strong semiarid influence by the rain shadow given by the Sistema Bético mountain range, while in the Canary islands case we are talking about pure dry subtropical influence.
Despite its strong semiarid influence, the southeastern coastal strip occasionally experiences heavy, torrential and brief downpours in early to mid autumn, as it happen along the Valencian and Catalan coast and Balearic islands as well.
Examples: Murcia (18.6º C, 297 mm), Alicante (18.2º C, 277 mm), Santa Cruz de Tenerife (21.5º C, 226 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: This climate can't be found in other parts of Europe.
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Sfax (central coast of Tunisia; 18,6º C, 236 mm).
Semiarid steppe climate with cold winters, (BSk):
Now we are talking about a Mediterranean climate with strong semiarid influence that are located either at low altitude above sea level along the Ebro valley (by rain shadow given by either Pyreneees, Sistema Ibérico and catalan Pre-Coastal mountain ranges), and some mid-mountain or plateau areas located inland southeast. Most of these areas have two almost equal maximum rainy peaks in autumn and spring, although the spring rainfall is slightly higher. Irregular rainfall pattern either montly or from year to year is likely as well.
Inland Murcia and eastern Albacete areas can experience snow sometimes.
About the Ebro valley, it is really prone tohigh radiation fog within several days from November to Frebruary, and some convective activity that gives them thnderstorms within the warmest half of the year, especially during late spring.
Examples: Zaragoza (15.5º C, 322 mm), Jumilla (15.4º C, 294.0 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: This climate can't be found in other parts of Europe.
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Tabriz (northern Iran; 12,6º C, 283 mm).
Hot arid climate, (BWh):
It's the arid climate that can be found in some areas of Canary islands because of both the Sahara desert plus the subtropical high makes this area just arid.
Examples: Fuerteventura airport (21,1º C, 98 mm), Lanzarote airport (21,1º C, 111 mm).
Other examples elsewhere in Europe: This climate can't be found in other parts of Europe.
Other examples that are located outside Europe: Mexicali (Baja California, México; 23,0º C, 74,5 mm).
Cold climate from the highest mountains, (Dc):
It's the coldest climate that can be found across the Iberian peninsula, where snow is often frequent every winter and summers are not pretty warm, but mild.