Literatura e muitos links
1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that took place on Saturday 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning.[1] The earthquake was followed by fires and a tsunami, which caused near-total destruction of Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and adjoining areas. Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude in the range 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale,[2] with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent. Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people,[3] making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.
The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's eighteenth-century colonial ambitions. The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy and in the philosophy of the sublime. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake
New study of the 1755 earthquake source based on multi-channel
seismic survey data and tsunami modeling
Abstract. In the last years, large effort has been done to carry
out multi-channel seismic reflection surveys (MCS) in SW
Iberia to locate the active tectonic structures that could be related
to the generation of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and the
tsunami. The outcome of these researches led to the identification
of a large, compressive tectonic structure, named
Marquˆes de Pombal thrust that, alone can account for only
half the seismic energy released by the 1755 event. However,
these investigations have shown the presence of additional
tectonic structures active along the continental margin of SW
Iberia that are here evaluated to model the tsunami waves observed
along the coasts of Iberia, Morocco and Central Atlantic.
In this paper we present a new reappraisal of the 1755
source, proposing a possible composite source, including the
Marquˆes de Pombal thrust fault and the Guadalquivir Bank.
The test of the source is achieved through numerical modelling
of the tsunami all over the North Atlantic area. The
results presented now incorporate data from the geophysical
cruises and the historical observation along the European
coasts and also from the Western Indies. The results of this
study will, hopefully, improve the seismic risk assessment
and evaluation in the Portuguese territory, Spain, Morocco
and Central/North Atlantic.
http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/3/333/2003/nhess-3-333-2003.pdf
The 1755 earthquake in the Algarve (South of Portugal):
what would happen nowadays?
Abstract. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which reached a
magnitude of 8.5, remains the most powerful and destructive
to hit Europe so far. Within minutes, many lives were lost,
populations displaced, livelihoods, homes and infrastructures
were destroyed. Although frequently associated to the city
of Lisbon, one of the most important European cities at the
time, this earthquake caused similar damage and casualties,
if not greater, in the southwest of the Algarve, where the seismic
intensity was estimated at IX-X Mercalli Intensity Scale.
Some time later a tsunami increased the number of victims
and the amount of damage. In some locations the tsunami
caused greater destruction than the earthquake itself. The
tsunami hit both coasts of the North Atlantic; however, the
more destructive damage occurred in the Portuguese coast,
south from Lisbon, in the Gulf of Cadiz and in the Moroccan
coast. The downtown of Lisbon was flooded by waves
that reached a height of 6 m. The water flooded an area with
an extension of around 250m from the coast. In the Southwest
part of Algarve the waves reached a height between 10
and 15m and the flooded area was much larger. Through the
analysis of recent research works on the assessment of the
1755 tsunami parameters and the interpretation of the more
reliable historical documents, it is our intention to analyse
the destructive power of the tsunami in the Algarve and delimit
the flooded area. Using simple techniques of simulation
it is our intention to assess the impacts nowadays of the occurrence
of a tsunami similar to the one that hit the Algarve
in 1755, which would probably affect a greater number of
people, buildings and infrastructures. This assessment is an
important instrument not only in terms of disaster preparedness
but also for the integration of risk mitigation measures
in land use planning.
http://www.adv-geosci.net/14/59/2008/adgeo-14-59-2008.pdf
Europe Earthquake
Historical earthquakes, such as the devastating 1356 Basel and 1755 Lisbon
events, highlight the potential earthquake risk in Europe. Relative to other perils,
earthquake losses can be as important, or exceed, those from wind or flood at long
return periods. The RMS® Europe Earthquake suite of models enables clients to
assess earthquake risk for 14 countries across Europe, providing a high-resolution
capability to price and underwrite policies and manage portfolio aggregations.
http://www.rms.com/publications/Europe_Earthquake.pdf
The 1531 Lisbon earthquake
In January 1531, the Tagus River Estuary was hit by a strong earthquake, the intensity of which in Lisbon was, according to relevant authors, greater than that of the 1755 earthquake. It was cited by most of the European annalists of the time and was responsible for the destruction of structures, the loss of lives, and enormous panic, thus making it one of the most disastrous earthquakes in the history of Portugal. If we give credit to the detailed descriptions, the maximum intensity was probably X MSK. According to our study, the seismic event was probably caused by the Lower Tagus fault zone (LTFZ). A critical review of reports from the time has allowed us to discredit the claims of the earthquake's effects quite far away from the epicenter. Thanks to this the magnitude remains within moderate limits. On the other hand, the study of the earthquake's effects outside Portugal and the consideration of geological factors have allowed us to produce a reliable isoseismal map. Study of this historical earthquake may greatly influence the design of structures in the rapidly developing area of the Tagus estuary.
http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/2/319
Destruction of Atlantis by a great earthquake and tsunami? A
geological analysis of the Spartel Bank hypothesis
Numerous geographical similarities exist between Plato’s descriptions of Atlantis and a
paleoisland (Spartel) in the western Straits of Gibraltar. The dialogues recount a catastrophic
event that submerged the island ca. 11.6 ka in a single day and night, due to
violent earthquakes and floods. This sudden destruction is consistent with a great earthquake
(M . 8.5) and tsunami, as in the Gulf of Cadiz region in 1755 when tsunami runup
heights reached 10 m. Great earthquakes (M 8–9) and tsunamis occur in the Gulf of
Cadiz with a repeat time of 1.5–2 k.y., according to the sedimentary record. An unusually
thick turbidite dated as ca. 12 ka may coincide with the destructive event in Plato’s account.
The detailed morphology of Spartel paleoisland, as determined from recently acquired
high-resolution bathymetric data, is reported here. The viability of human habitation
on this paleoisland ca. 11.6 ka is discussed on the basis of a new bathymetric map.
http://flotte.ifremer.fr/flotte/content/download/4405/103225/file/TV-GIB-publication.pdf
WHY THE ATLANTIC GENERALLY CANNOT GENERATE TRANSOCEANIC TSUNAMIS?
Even though, for administrative purposes, it may be convenient to have a global tsunami warning
system, this is not feasible for scientific and also socio-economic reasons. The Indian Ocean is connected
to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the south through the Southern Ocean, and is not connected to the
Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is connected to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the north. Because of
very low population density around it, at present, there is no priority for an Arctic Ocean tsunami warning
system. For the Pacific Ocean, the tsunami warning system is in existence since 1948. Until now the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans have no tsunami warning systems because tsunami events are rare in these
two oceans, as compared to the Pacific Ocean.
For convenience, we will define the following three terms. First, a global tsunami is one which not
only propagates throughout the ocean in which it was generated, but also into at least two of the three
other oceans, albeit with small amplitudes. Second, a trans-oceanic tsunami is one that propagates
throughout the ocean in which it is generated and could cause loss of life and damage even far away from
the epicentral area. Third, an ocean-wide tsunami is one which propagates throughout the ocean in which
it is generated, but the loss of life and damage are mostly confined to the epicentral area.
There are several major differences among the three oceans with reference to tsunamis. The Pacific
Ocean generates major global and trans-oceanic tsunamis, as occurred, for example on the 1st of April
1946 (Aleutian tsunami), on the 22nd of May 1960 (Chilean tsunami) and on the 28th of March 1964
(Alaska tsunami). Even though tsunamis are much less frequent in the Indian Ocean, it is capable of
generating global and trans-oceanic tsunamis, such as for example the ones that occurred on the 27th of
August 1883 (tsunami from the eruption of the volcano Krakatoa) and on the 26th of December 2004.
However, the Atlantic Ocean does not appear to be capable of generating global tsunamis, generally
speaking.
There are several well-documented tsunamis in the Atlantic Ocean in historical times. We
numerically modelled several of these tsunamis, as will be outlined with some details in the following
sections. The numerical simulations of all these tsunami events have one thing in common. The Atlantic
Ocean tsunamis generally do not propagate very far with large amplitudes, which is in contrast to the
Pacific and Indian Oceans, where the tsunamis travel over trans-oceanic distances, and seem to suffer less
dissipation. The reason for this could be that the fault zones in the Atlantic are smaller than those in the
Pacific and Indian Oceans. Pacific Ocean, being large in extent, exhibits somewhat different tsunami characteristics from the Indian Ocean, which is much smaller. Reflected waves from distant boundaries
do not contribute significantly to the total water levels associated with tsunami waves in the Pacific
Ocean. On the other hand, in the Indian Ocean, one has to include boundary reflections to determine the
tsunami heights. In the Atlantic Ocean, since most tsunamis occur close to the boundaries, the question of boundary reflections does not arise.
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~vinaykg/Iset_42_tn3.pdf
The impact of eighteenth century earthquakes on the Algarve region, southern Portugal
In the eighteenth century the Algarve was affected by two large and destructive earthquakes. The first occurred in 1722, had an estimated magnitude of between 6.5 and 7.8 Mw and severely affected the coastal zone of the central Algarve. Thirty three years later in 1755 the ‘Lisbon earthquake’ (magnitude c. 8.5 Mw) killed around 12 000 people in Portugal, of whom just over 1000 lived in the Algarve. With an estimated cost of between 32 and 48% of Portugal's gross national product, in financial terms it is the greatest natural disaster to have affected western Europe and its effects on the Algarve, the region closest to the epicentre, were devastating. Using data collected in the field together with archival materials the authors discuss: the economic and social impacts of these two eighteenth century earthquakes and their associated tsunamis on the Algarve; and recovery of the region in the years that followed. Today the Algarve is a major European tourist destination with a resident population of c.430 000, a figure which almost doubles at the height of the tourist season. The 1722 and 1755 earthquakes were not isolated events, but part of a long and destructive seismic history, and today the region is highly exposed to the effects of future earthquakes and tsunamis. The paper concludes with a discussion of current attempts being made by the Portuguese authorities to reduce hazard exposure by means of building codes, the production of hazard maps and emergency plans. In these plans a 1755 type event is viewed as a worst-case scenario, although because of its epicentral location near to the economic heart of the region and in spite of its smaller size, a 1722 type event would be far more destructive.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00367.x/abstract
Simulations of strong ground motion in SW Iberia for the 1969
February 28 (Ms = 8.0) and the 1755 November 1 (M ∼ 8.5)
earthquakes – II. Strong ground motion simulations
This is the second paper of a series of two concerning strong ground motion in SW Iberia due
to earthquakes originating from the adjacent Atlantic area. The aim of this paper is to use the
velocity model that was proposed and validated in the companion paper for seismic intensity
modelling of the 1969 (Ms = 8.0) and 1755 (M = 8.5–8.7) earthquakes.
First, we propose a regression to convert simulated values of Peak Ground Velocity (PGV)
into Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) in SW Iberia, and using this regression, we build
synthetic isoseismal maps for a large (Ms = 8.0) earthquake that occurred in 1969. Based
on information on the seismic source provided by various authors, we show that the velocity
model effectively reproduces macroseismic observations in the whole region.We also confirm
that seismic intensity distribution is very sensitive to a small number of source parameters:
rupture directivity, fault strike and fault dimensions. Then, we extrapolate the method to the
case of the great (M = 8.5–8.7) 1755 earthquake, for a series of hypotheses recently proposed
by three authors about the location of the epicentral region. The model involving a subductionrelated
rupture in the Gulf of C´adiz results in excessive ground motion in northern Morocco,
suggesting that the source of the 1755 earthquake should be located further west. A rupture
along thewestern coast of Portugal, compatible with an activation of the passivewestern Iberian
margin, would imply a relatively low average slip, which, alone, would could not account for
the large tsunami observed in the whole northern Atlantic ocean. A seismic source located
below the Gorringe Bank seems the most likely since it is more efficient in reproducing the
distribution of high intensities in SW Iberia due to the 1755 earthquake.
http://evunix.uevora.pt/~delphine/PubliFCT08/GRANDIN2007a.pdf
The Holocene record of tsunamis in the southwestern Iberian Margin: date and
consequences of the next tsunami
El registro holoceno de tsunamis en el margen ibérico suroccidental: fecha y
consecuencias del próximo tsunami
http://gte526.geoma.net/uploads/122469733580Abstract Geodesia.pdf
LE GRAND TREMBLEMENT DE TERRE DE LISBONNE
Le mécanisme de subduction ayant causé le séisme qui a détruit
la capitale portugaise, il y a 250 ans, aurait été découvert.
http://perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr/~gutscher/pourlascience.pdf
Impact of a Lisbon-type tsunami on the U.K. coastline and the
implications for tsunami propagation over broad continental shelves
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/5391/1/horsburgh_-_impact_of_a_lisbon_type_tsunami.pdf
The effects of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami on the Algarve Region, Southern Portugal
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake (magnitude ~8-5Mw) killed between 15 and 20,000 people, of whom an estimated 1,020 lived in the Algarve. The earthquake cost Portugal between c.32 and 48% of its Gross Domestic Product, probably making it financially the greatest natural catastrophe to have affected western Europe. Using a combination of archival information and data collected in the field, this paper discusses: the devastating effects of the earthquake and tsunami on the economy, society and major settlements in the Algarve; and recovery of the region in the years that followed. Today the Algarve is one of Europe’s principal tourist destinations and a region vital to the Portuguese economy. The 1755 earthquake was not a one off event and the Algarve, which now houses a resident population of over 400,000 – a figure that more than doubles with tourists in the summer months, is highly exposed to earthquakes and tsunamis. An earthquake of similar size (minimum estimated recurrence 614±105 years), is viewed as a worse-case future scenario. Although strict building codes which apply to the whole country were pioneered in Portugal following 1755 and have been revised on many occasions, there is a recognised need for more detailed hazard maps and emergency plans for the Algarve. These have already been produced for Lisbon and in the Algarve a start has been made, where a tsunami risk map has recently been completed for Portimão concelho (i.e. county).
http://research-archive.liv.ac.uk/742/5/742.pdf
The 1755 Lisbon Tsunami in Guadeloupe Archipelago: Source Sensitivity
and Investigation of Resonance Effects
On the 1st of November 1755, a major earthquake of estimated Mw=8.5/9.0 destroyed Lisbon (Portugal) and
was felt in whole Western Europe. It generated a huge tsunami which reached coastlines from Morocco to Southwestern
England with local run-up heights up to 15 m in some places as Cape St Vincent (Portugal). Important waves were reported
in Madeira Islands and as far as in the West Indies where heights of 3 m and damages are reported. The present
knowledge of the seismic source(s), presented by numerous studies, was not able to reproduce such wave heights on the
other side of the Atlantic Ocean whatever the tested source. This could be due to the signal dispersion during the propagation
or simply to the lack of simulations with high resolution grids. Here we present simulations using high resolution
grids for Guadeloupe Archipelago for two different sources. Our results highlight important wave heights of the range of 1
m to more than 2 m whatever the source mechanism used, and whatever the strike angle in some particular coastal places.
A preliminary investigation of the resonance phenomenon in Guadeloupe is also presented. In fact, the studies of long
wave impact in harbours as rissaga phenomenon in the Mediterranean Sea leads us to propose the hypothesis that the 1755
waves in the West Indies could have been amplified by resonance phenomenon.
Most of the places where amplification takes place are nowadays important touristic destinations.
http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tooceaj/articles/V004/SI0042TOOCEAJ/58TOOCEAJ.pdf
Tsunami Calculation of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
The generation of destructive tsunamis in the Gulf of Cadiz, at the eastern end of the Azores–
Gibraltar plate boundary, was studied by numerical modelling of the historical 1755 Lisbon
tsunami. The Lisbon Earthquake is one of the first major events of this kind that is relatively
well documented by historical sources in this region. Lisbon earthquake tsunami was the most
deadly tsunamis on Lisbon coasts.
The report shows calculations of wave generation, time of propagation and elevation of the
waves on coastal regions surrounding the Gulf of Cadiz.
http://lunar.jrc.it/tsunami/temp/fi...culation of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake v2.pdf
Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami
hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean
The great Lisbon earthquake of November 1st, 1755 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.5–9.0 was the
most destructive earthquake in European history. The associated tsunami run-up was reported to have
reached 5–15 m along the Portuguese and Moroccan coasts and the run-up was significant at the Azores and
Madeira Island. Run-up reports from a trans-oceanic tsunami were documented in the Caribbean, Brazil and
Newfoundland (Canada). No reports were documented along the U.S. East Coast. Many attempts have been
made to characterize the 1755 Lisbon earthquake source using geophysical surveys and modeling the nearfield
earthquake intensity and tsunami effects. Studying far field effects, as presented in this paper, is
advantageous in establishing constraints on source location and strike orientation because trans-oceanic
tsunamis are less influenced by near source bathymetry and are unaffected by triggered submarine
landslides at the source. Source location, fault orientation and bathymetry are the main elements governing
transatlantic tsunami propagation to sites along the U.S. East Coast, much more than distance from the source
and continental shelf width. Results of our far and near-field tsunami simulations based on relative
amplitude comparison limit the earthquake source area to a region located south of the Gorringe Bank in the
center of the Horseshoe Plain. This is in contrast with previously suggested sources such as Marqués de
Pombal Fault, and Gulf of Cádiz Fault, which are farther east of the Horseshoe Plain. The earthquake was
likely to be a thrust event on a fault striking ~345° and dipping to the ENE as opposed to the suggested
earthquake source of the Gorringe Bank Fault, which trends NE–SW. Gorringe Bank, the Madeira-Tore Rise
(MTR), and the Azores appear to have acted as topographic scatterers for tsunami energy, shielding most of
the U.S. East Coast from the 1755 Lisbon tsunami. Additional simulations to assess tsunami hazard to the U.S.
East Coast from possible future earthquakes along the Azores–Iberia plate boundary indicate that sources
west of the MTR and in the Gulf of Cadiz may affect the southeastern coast of the U.S. The Azores–Iberia plate
boundary west of the MTR is characterized by strike–slip faults, not thrusts, but the Gulf of Cadiz may have
thrust faults. Southern Florida seems to be at risk from sources located east of MTR and South of the Gorringe
Bank, but it is mostly shielded by the Bahamas. Higher resolution near-shore bathymetry along the U.S. East
Coast and the Caribbean as well as a detailed study of potential tsunami sources in the central west part of
the Horseshoe Plain are necessary to verify our simulation results.
http://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/people/jlin/papers/Barkan_tenBrink_Lin_Mar_Geol_2009.pdf
Lisbon 1755: A Case of Triggered Onshore Rupture?
It has been widely recognized, both in classical and in modern studies,
that the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 was a multiple event, composed of three shocks
separated by a few minutes (see, e.g., Reid, 1914). Attempts to constrain the location
of the source have led to a diversity of proposals, reflecting apparent contradictions
in the data. The tsunami and damage along the south and southwest Iberian coast
and in Morocco favor an offshore source, whereas the presence of an additional zone
of strong shaking in the Lower Tagus Valley (LTV), near Lisbon, favors a more
northerly location. By combining the contemporary accounts with intensity data from
other earthquakes, we favor a compound source with a large distance between the
faults. We propose that, although the mainshock was offshore, the resulting stress
changes induced the rupture of the LTV fault, at a distance on the order of 350 km
(but subject to large uncertainty in the offshore location), a few minutes after the
mainshock. We favor this model, rather than site effects causing high intensities in the
Lisbon area, because the highest intensities show a negative correlation to soft soil.
Several other phenomena described in the eyewitness accounts can also be explained
by the local rupture now proposed, such as a tsunamilike wave in the Tagus River,
ground deformation affecting the course of the Tagus River, and the spatial pattern
of damaging aftershocks. Recognition of this “missing” episode of rupture on the
LTV fault significantly changes the hazard estimate for the Lisbon area.
http://mahabghodss.net/NewBooks/www/web/digital/nashrieh/bssa/2003/october 93 (5)/2056.pdf
THE EARTHQUAKES AND THE TSUNAMI OF 1755 and 2004 – HISTORIC ACCIDENTS?
This paper is about the interpretation of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake as a
historic accident. The paper is divided in two main parts: the commemoration of the 250th
anniversary of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in 2005 and the reaction to other times, as
today. Especially a comparison is highlighted, the reaction to the 2004 Sumatra earthquake
and Indian Ocean tsunami in 2005 and today, as, contrary to what happened immediately
after, the 2004 event did not cause a discourse. Also compared to other historical events
mentioned, the Lisbon earthquake remains the only historic accident, and one of the birth
dates of modernity. Some key aspects are discussed, as the issue of ruins, or of rebuilding,
in context of the 18th century and today. Overall, the accent lays on the view from the
Humanities, not of earthquake engineering, and reviews such views at the events and
publications about the earthquake.
http://www.ce.tuiasi.ro/~bipcons/Archive/195.pdf
High Resolution Tsunami Modelling for the Evaluation of Potential Risk
Areas in Setubal
Modeling has a relevant role in today’s natural hazards mitigation planning as it can cover a wide range of natural
phenomena. This is also the case for an event like a tsunami. In order to support the urban planning or prepare
emergency response plans it is of major importance to be able to properly evaluate the vulnerability associated
with different areas and/or equipments. The use of high resolution models can provide relevant information about
the most probable inundation areas which complemented with other data such as the type of buildings, location of
prioritary equipments, etc., may effectively contribute to better identify the most vulnerable zones, define rescue
and escape routes and adequate the emergency plans to the constraints associated to these type of events.
In the framework of FP6 SCHEMA project these concepts are being applied to different test sites and a detailed
evaluation of the vulnerability of buildings and people to a tsunami event is being evaluated. One of the sites
selected it is located in Portugal, in the Atlantic coast, and it refers to Setúbal area which is located about 40
km south of Lisbon. Within this site two specific locations are being evaluated: one is the city of Setúbal (in the
Sado estuary right margin) and the other is the Tróia peninsula (in the Sado estuary left margin). Setúbal city is a
medium size town with about 114,000 inhabitants while Tróia is a touristic resort located in a shallow area with a
high seasonal occupation and has the river Sado as one of the main sources of income to the city.
Setúbal was one of the Portuguese villages that was seriously damaged by the of 1755 earthquake event. The 1755
earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on 1 November 1755, the catholic holiday of
All Saints, around 09:30 AM. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fires which caused a huge destruction
of Lisboa and Setúbal
In the framework of the present study, a detailed evaluation of the site vulnerability to a tsunami event based on the
consideration of the wave heights, buildings type and access routes characteristics was performed. The wave height
and most probable inundation areas was made on the basis of the simulation of three earthquake potential sources
with different level of impact (extreme, moderate and weak) in the Setúbal area. In the case of the extreme event
the selected source for simulation corresponds to an interpretation of the origins of the 1755 earthquake proposed
by Baptista et al (2003).In this study it is suggest that the 1755 tsunami event had two sources: one located in the
Marques de Pombal thrust (MPTF) and a second one located in the Guadalquivir Bank. The other two sources are
based on a study done by Omira et al (2009) regarding the design of a Sea-level Tsunami Detection Network for
the Gulf of Cadiz. In the framework of this study there are analyzed different areas of seismic activity in the South
of Portugal and proposed some possible earthquake sources and characteristics.
The tsunami propagation simulations were performed using MOHID modelling system which is an open source
three-dimensional water modelling system, developed by Hidromod and MARETEC (Marine and Environmental
Technology Research Center - Technical University of Lisbon).
As a result of the study detailed inundation maps associated to the different events and to different tide levels were
produced. As a result of the combination of these maps with the available information of the city infrastructures
(building types, roads and streets characteristics, prioritary buildings, etc.) there were also produced high scale
vulnerability maps, escape routes, emergency routes maps.
http://www.schemaproject.org/IMG/pdf/EGU2010-13241.pdf
The 1755 Lisbon Tsunami: Tsunami Source Determination and its Validation
The Lisbon Earthquake of November 1, 1755, one of
the most catastrophic events that has ever occurred in
Portugal, Spain, or Morocco, caused severe damage
and many casualties. The tsunami generated by this
earthquake is well documented in historical accounts,
it was reported throughout the North Atlantic Ocean,
as it reached not only Portugal, Spain, and Morocco,
but also the Madeira and Azores Archipelagos, England,
Ireland, and the Caribbean. In spite of the importance
of this event, the source of the tsunami remains
unknown. In this paper, the authors reevaluate
some of the historical tsunami travel times obtained by
previous authors. Based on these times, wave ray analysis
is used to determine the location of the tsunami
source area. These results, combined with turbidites
obtained by previous authors at the Tagus and Horseshoe
Abyssal Plains, lead to the conclusion that the
source of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami could be located
in the area of the Gorringe Bank. Then, a hydrodynamic
simulation is carried out with this area presupposed
as the source. The numerical model results provide
good agreement when compared with both historical
and sedimental records. However, in the past,
the Gorringe Bank has been dismissed as the source of
this tsunami for several reasons. Therefore, these issues
are discussed and discredited. As a consequence
of all these facts, it can be concluded that the origin
of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami could be
located in the area of the Gorringe Bank.
http://www.fujipress.jp/finder/prev....pdf&frompage=abst_page&pid=1246&lang=English
TSUNAMI PROPAGATION ALONG TAGUS ESTUARY (LISBON, PORTUGAL) PRELIMINARY RESULTS
In this study we present preliminary results of flood calculation along Tagus Estuary, a catastrophic event that happened several times in the past, as described in historical documents, and that constitutes one of the major risk sources for Lisbon coastal area. To model inundation we used Mader’s SWAN model for the open ocean propagation with a 2 km grid, and Imamura’s TSUN2 with a 50 m grid covering the entire estuary. The seismic source was computed with the homogeneous elastic half space approach. Modelling results agree with historical reports. Synthetic flood areas correspond to the sites where there are morphological and sedimentary evidences of two known major events that stroke Lisbon: 1531-01-26 and 1755-11-01 tsunamis.
http://tsunamisociety.org/245baptista.pdf
The Atlantic Tsunami on November 1st, 1755:
World Range and Amplitude According to
Primary Documentary Sources
On Saturday, November 1st, 1755, at about 9:40, Lisbon underwent the strongest
tsunamigenic earthquake ever reported by witnesses in Western Europe. Many people,
attending the religious offices of All Hallows, were killed by the collapse of churches. Some
took refuge on the quays of the Tagus, attempting to escape the fall of debris from
collapsing buildings and to flee on boats: but a tsunami, 5 to 10 m high according to various
accounts, struck downtown Lisbon. Fire outbreaks, lit by houses collapsing on their kitchen
fire, set the town to flames, which raged for almost one week.
The event triggered a competition between Scientific Institutions and between Gazettes to
provide their members or readers with original accounts: a reaction similar to what we
witnessed on the WEB after the December 26th, 2004 earthquake in Sumatra. In that case,
thanks to the speed at which the information now travels, and constraint provided by
photography and video-movies, the result has been the gathering of a rich array of accurate
observations and data. At variance, in 1755-56, under the escalation of the competition
between institutions or journals, with a small number of qualified observers and slow travel
of letters conveying the accounts, the exaggerations of compilers were let loose. The
reliability of the testimonies suffered in the process: many are contradictory, both in terms of
lack of internal consistency and of contradiction between reports.
The Andaman-Sumatra earthquake and tsunami have awoken a public awareness of the risk
of tsunami. The November 1st, 1755 tsunami caused by the Great Lisbon Earthquake,
remains the only destructive event of the kind on the European Atlantic shores to have been
described in some detail in the past, partly supplemented by the tsunami of March 31st,
1761. The primary accounts of the 1755 event are in no danger to loose their documentary
importance : the simulations now attempted to evaluate the tsunami risk to human lives and
coastal settlements must be constrained by "real data, deducted from historical reports"
(Mendes-Victor et al., 2005). But the data gathered from such reports are so dispersed that
they cannot be applied without a critical analysis.
http://www.intechopen.com/download/pdf/pdfs_id/13093
The Opportunity of a Disaster
The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf
Review of the historical seismicity in the Gulf
of Cadiz area before the 1 November 1755 earthquake.
An intermediate report
The subproject "Review of the historical seismicity in the Gulf of Cadiz area before the 1 Nov. 1755 earthquake" is included in a more vast project - "Review of historical seismicity in Europe" - the aim of which is to establish a common methodology among European seismologists and historians on research of historical seismicity and to get a significant set of data on earthquake potential and effects. In this report, which corresponds to the whole period of the execution of the project (1989-91), are referred the main results obtained. The execution of this project is under the responsibility of the National Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics of Portugal and the National Geographic Institute of Spain. It is believed that the long-term precedent research carried out in Portugal immediately before the beginning of this project (Moreira, 1984; 1991; Runa e Morais Freire, 1985; Themudo Barata et al., 1988; 1989) and by Pereira de Sousa (1919-32) in the second and third decades of the present century led to the acquisition of a large part of the existing data about the earthquakes that occurred after the 16th century. Anyway, research in libraries and archives continued both in Portugal and Spain during the period covered by this project and several reports were produced showing the results. Meetings to examine the state-of-the-art of the project and define the methodology, in which participated Dr. Stucchi, coordinator of the project "Review of historical seismicity in Europe", Dr. Paola Albini, historian who assists Dr. Stucchi, the Portuguese and Spanish groups were held in Lisbon in 1989 and 1990. In 1989 and 1990 was paid special attention to the research in archives and libraries in Algarve and Alentejo - the southernmost provinces of Portugal - the most affected regions by earthquakes which occurred in the period covered by the project. In Spain a research was carried out in 1990 in several archives and libraries of the southwestern part of the country (Moreira, 1990). In the last part of 1990 and 1991 was made an intense research in the National Archive of Torre do Tombo in Lisbon, looking for documentation of the main convents and for documentation left by diarists, journalists, members of the diplomatic body and other erudite people, following the recommendations of Dr. Stucchi in his note of June 1990 "Remarks and recommendations after the first year".
http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/RHISE/i_15sou/i_15sou.html
Impact of a 1755-like tsunami in Huelva, Spain
Coastal areas are highly exposed to natural hazards
associated with the sea. In all cases where there is historical
evidence for devastating tsunamis, as is the case of
the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, there is a need
for quantitative hazard tsunami assessment to support spatial
planning. Also, local authorities must be able to act towards
the population protection in a preemptive way, to inform
“what to do” and “where to go” and in an alarm, to make
people aware of the incoming danger. With this in mind, we
investigated the inundation extent, run-up and water depths,
of a 1755-like event on the region of Huelva, located on the
Spanish southwestern coast, one of the regions that was affected
in the past by several high energy events, as proved by
historical documents and sedimentological data. Modelling
was made with a slightly modified version of the COMCOT
(Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model) code. Sensitivity
tests were performed for a single source in order to understand
the relevance and influence of the source parameters
in the inundation extent and the fundamental impact parameters.
We show that a 1755-like event will have a dramatic
impact in a large area close to Huelva inundating an area between
82 and 92 km2 and reaching maximum run-up around
5 m. In this sense our results show that small variations on
the characteristics of the tsunami source are not too significant
for the impact assessment. We show that the maximum
flow depth and the maximum run-up increase with the average
slip on the source, while the strike of the fault is not
a critical factor as Huelva is significantly far away from the
potential sources identified up to now. We also show that
the maximum flow depth within the inundated area is very
dependent on the tidal level, while maximum run-up is less
affected, as a consequence of the complex morphology of the
area.
http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/139/2010/nhess-10-139-2010.pdf
THE 1755 LISBON EARTHQUAKE AND THE GENESIS OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake is a landmark in the western cultural history by different reasons and perspectives.
In fact, one of the most important cities in Europe was almost destroyed and a large number of people died due to the
buildings collapse, fire and tsunami effects.
Within the European cultural framework of the XVIII century this event was a shock. The scientific,
philosophical, religious and moral consequences of the disaster were discussed and the Lisbon earthquake was a
catalyst for relevant changes.
At the epoch, the risk analysis and management concepts were still not created as disciplines. However, the
Lisbon earthquake can also be considered as a very strong landmark in the genesis of the risk management applied to
disasters as it is now considered. Based on historical sources and narratives this evidence can be shown: the most
relevant actions developed after the earthquake can be interpreted as components of a risk management structure. The
author describes the contributions that can be detected in what concerns: event identification and explanation; crisis
response; mitigation and prevention and vulnerability concept.
http://www.civil.ist.utl.pt/~joana/.../final-artigo ABA-terramoto-internacional.pdf
The record of the tsunami produced by the 1755 Lisbon
earthquake in Valdelagrana spit (Gulf of Cádiz, southern Spain)
Severalwashover fans breaking through the spit of Valdelagrana existing in middle 18th Century in the
Cuadalete estuary (Bay of Cadiz) are interpreted as the trace of the exceptional tsunami generated by the
AD 1755 Lisbon earthquake, based on geological, morphological and historical arguments.
http://eprints.ucm.es/10711/1/1998_2_Tsunami_GG.pdf
Earthquakes and tsunami in November 1755 in Morocco: a
different reading of contemporaneous documentary sources
Tsunami seldom strike the European Atlantic
shores. The great Lisbon Earthquake of 1 November 1755
is the main destructive tsunamigenic event recorded. Since
the mid-1990’s, many simulations of propagation of tsunami
waves from variants of the possible seismic source have been
conducted. Estimates of run-up in Morocco are seldom included
in publications, maybe for want of reliable historical
data to control the simulations. This paper revisits some early
accounts, transmitted as translations to European Chanceries,
Scientific Societies and Newspapers. A critical analysis of
the documents leads us to conclude that the Lisbon earthquake
was overestimated because of amalgamation with a
later Rifian earthquake. Then, the overestimation of the
tsunami through worst interpretation of the scant data available
appeared only reasonable, while the moderate measurements
or interpretations were not given their due attention. In
Morocco the amplitude of the tsunami (i.e. height at shoreline
minus expected tide level) may not have exceed the measurement
given by Godin (1755) for Cadiz, 2.5m above the
calculated astronomical tide, a crest-to-trough amplitude of
5m at most. This age-old overestimation of both the earthquake
and tsunami is detrimental to the evaluation of the risk
for coastal people and activities.
http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/725/2009/nhess-9-725-2009.pdf
TSUNAMI RELICS ON THE COASTAL LANDSCAPE WEST OF LISBON, PORTUGAL
Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great
earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami
waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only
along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo
da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami
relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the
modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified
eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to
the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and ESR datings also yielded
older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than
one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.
http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/231/scheff.pdf
The 1755 tsunami propagation in Atlantics and its effects on the French
West Indies
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-502.pdf
The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755
– Public Distress and Political Propaganda
This article examines the impact of the Lisbon earthquake on the international political sphere.
The shock waves of the event reflected the basic ideological traits of the eighteenth century. For
the first time in the western world, the press helped to create the illusion of proximity and unity
among the peoples of different European nations. Furthermore, the 1755 earthquake launched
the modern debate on how to think and act in a world where such catastrophes are likely to
occur.
On the eve of the Seven Years’ War, the destruction of the capital of the Portuguese empire also
triggered diplomatic and political reactions. Pombal’s attempt to turn Portugal into a prosperous
and politically strong country contributed towards minimising the disruptions to social and
economic routines. Against the backdrop of the 1755 earthquake, and using the European war
as an immediate cause, the Marquis of Pombal, minister of King Joseph I, laid the foundations
for a press policy commensurate with the scale of the catastrophe.
http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue7/pdf/aaraujo.pdf